THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF OCCUPATION SECOND EDITION【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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1.Introduction1

1.1 The Concept1

1.2 Challenges to the Law of Occupation7

1.3 Legal Sources11

1.3.1 Laws of international armed conflict11

1.3.2 Human rights law12

1.3.3 Law on the use of force， sovereignty， and self-determination： The “illegal occupation”15

1.3.4 The law on state responsibility18

1.3.5 Additional sources18

1.4 Conclusion19

2.Origins： The Evolution of the Concept of Occupation in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries20

2.1 The Evolution of a Concept21

2.1.1 The intellectual roots of an emerging European concept22

2.1.2 The principle of humanity： The obligation to protect the property of enemy civilians22

2.1.3 Enter national self-determination： “Occupation” becomes distinct from “conquest”25

2.2 The Transformation of the Concept of Occupation into European and International Law31

2.2.1 The doctrine on occupation arrives in the United States32

2.2.2 Meanwhile in Europe： The Franco-Prussian War and its aftermath37

2.2.3 Different conceptions of occupation beyond Europe41

2.3 Conclusion42

3.The Characterization of Occupation43

3.1 Spatial Scope43

3.1.1 Control of the land43

3.1.2 A personal approach as an additional test51

3.1.3 “Virtual occupation”？53

3.1.4 Maritime resources and airspace55

3.2 Temporal Scope55

3.2.1 When occupation begins55

3.2.2 When occupation ends56

3.2.3 Pre- and post-occupation obligations57

3.3 Occupation by Whom？58

3.3.1 Who is a foreign power （the “hostile army”）58

3.3.2 Occupation in a non-international armed conflict？61

3.3.3 Occupation by proxies61

3.3.4 UN-led occupations62

3.4 The Lack of Sovereign Consent67

4.The Law on the Administration of Occupied Territories68

4.1 Background： Three Different Approaches to Regulate an Inherent Conflict of Interests68

4.1.1 Article 43： “A seeming legal paradise”68

4.1.2 Article 64 GCIV Focusing on human welfare72

4.1.3 The human rights dimension74

4.2 The Scope of the Occupation Administration76

4.2.1 Generally76

4.2.2 The management of natural resources81

4.2.3 The external relations of the occupied territory83

4.2.4 The occupant’s forward-looking and post-occupation obligations86

4.3 Stability versus Change： The Level of Respect for the Legal Status Quo89

4.3.1 Article 43 Hague Regulations89

4.3.2 Article 64 GCIV95

4.3.3 Human rights102

4.4 The Rights and Duties of the Ousted Government104

4.5 Nationals of the Occupying Power106

5.Occupations During and After World War I： Early Challenges to the Traditional Law of Occupation108

5.1 The German Occupation of Belgium， 1914-18108

5.1.1 Reorganization and regulation of the Belgian economy110

5.1.2 Changes in the court system115

5.1.3 Restructuring the Belgian political structure116

5.1.4 Reactions to German occupation measures118

5.1.5 The law of occupation in light of the occupation of Belgium120

5.2 The Armistice Occupation of the Rhineland122

5.2.1 Occupation policies123

5.2.2 The German reaction127

5.2.3 The law of occupation in light of the Armistice Occupation129

6.The Law of Occupation in the Wake of World War Ⅱ131

6.1 Occupations by the Axis Powers132

6.1.1 Japanese occupations132

6.1.2 Italian occupations135

6.1.3 German occupations135

6.1.4 Occupations by the Soviet Union， 1939-40138

6.1.5 The Finnish occupation of Eastern Karelia139

6.1.6 The relevance of the Axis and Soviet occupations to the law of occupation： The status of illegal occupations140

6.2 Allied Occupations during World War Ⅱ143

6.2.1 British occupation of African territories143

6.2.2 The first US occupation of the war： French North Africa151

6.2.3 Aftermath： The changing US attitude toward the administration of occupied territories152

6.2.4 Unconditional surrender and debellatio： The occupations of Germany and Japan159

6.2.5 Application and critique of the debellatio doctrine161

6.3 The Law of Occupation in the Wake of World War Ⅱ：The Surprising Resilience of the Doctrine on Occupation164

7.Occupations Since the 1970s167

7.1 Introduction167

7.2 Annexation： Kuwait， Western Sahara， and East Timor169

7.2.1 The Iraqi occupation of Kuwait （1990）170

7.2.2 The Moroccan occupation of Western Sahara （1975）171

7.2.3 The Indonesian occupation of East Timor （1975-99）172

7.3 Externally Imposed Regime Change： The Occupations of Afghanistan （by USSR）， Grenada， and Panama177

7.3.1 The Soviet intervention in Afghanistan （1978-88）177

7.3.2 The US intervention in Grenada （1983-84）180

7.3.3 The US intervention in Panama （1989）183

7.4 Facilitating Internal Regime Change： Cambodia， Afghanistan （by a US-led Coalition）， Bangladesh， Cyprus， Georgia184

7.4.1 The Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia （1979-89）185

7.4.2 The US-led “coalition” occupation of Afghanistan （2001-02）187

7.4.3 India’s involvement in the creation of Bangladesh （1971）188

7.4.4 The Turkish invasion of Cyprus and the establishment of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus （1974-）191

7.4.5 The Russian occupations in Georgia （2008-）194

7.4.6 General observations on humanitarian and self-determination occupations197

7.5 Security Zones： Israel in Lebanon， US-led Coalition in South/ North Iraq， Turkey in North Iraq， and Uganda in Congo200

7.6 Conclusion201

8.The Israeli Occupation of the West Bank and Gaza203

8.1 The Status of the Territories Occupied by Israel since 1967203

8.1.1 East Jerusalem204

8.1.2 The West Bank and Gaza206

8.1.3 The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Accords and their legal significance209

8.2 The Actual Administration of the West Bank and Gaza212

8.2.1 Institutional infrastructure212

8.2.2 Legislation213

8.2.3 Administration213

8.2.4 The court system215

8.2.5 The Israeli Supreme Court217

8.3 1967-93： Integration of the Territories with Israel224

8.3.1 Specific integrative measures224

8.3.2 Extending the jurisdiction of the Israeli civil courts to transactions in the occupied territories228

8.3.3 The Jewish settlements and their integration into Israel233

8.4 1993-Onward： Segregating the Palestinian Population238

8.5 Assessment According to the Law of Occupation239

8.5.1 The settlements239

8.5.2 The economic union241

8.5.3 Long-term occupations and the law of occupation244

8.5.4 Is there an obligation to end the occupation？244

8.5.5 Changes in the occupant’s powers during long-term occupations246

9.The Occupation of Iraq 2003-05249

9.1 The Timeframe of the Occupation in Iraq250

9.1.1 Pre-occupation responsibilities？250

9.1.2 The beginning： When Iraq became occupied251

9.1.3 The end of occupation254

9.1.4 Post-occupation responsibilities256

9.2 The Exercise ofAuthority by the Occupants in Iraq257

9.2.1 Abolishing the existing political and military institutions259

9.2.2 Amendments to criminal law and criminal procedure260

9.2.3 Changes to the court system261

9.2.4 Human rights legislation261

9.2.5 Economic reforms262

9.2.6 Good governance263

9.2.7 Management of natural resources264

9.2.8 The transition to democracy266

9.3 Evaluation268

9.3.1 The occupation of Iraq in light of the law of occupation268

9.3.2 The law of occupation in light of the occupation of Iraq274

10.The Administration of Territory by the United Nations：The Case of UNMIK in Kosovo276

10.1 Introduction276

10.2 Case study： Kosovo279

10.2.1 The exercise of legislative， executive， and judicial powers by the SRSG282

10.2.2 Accountability mechanisms288

10.2.3 Assessment292

10.3 Conclusion： Recognizing the Responsibility to Occupy296

11.The Law on Post-Occupation： The Lasting Effects of the Occupant’s Legislation299

11.1 First Period： Until World War Ⅱ300

11.2 Second Period： The Advent of the GCIV “Grave Breaches” Regime and Human Rights Law304

11.2.1 Case study 1： Germany305

11.2.2 Case study 2： Cyprus306

11.3 Discussion307

11.3.1 The distinction between the primary norms of the law of occupation and the secondary norms307

11.3.2 Considerations in balancing the respective interests312

11.4 Conclusion317

12.Enforcement Mechanisms for Compliance with the Law of Occupation318

12.1 Enforcement through Adjudication319

12.1.1 Direct and indirect judicial review of the legality of the occupation or of occupation policies320

12.1.2 Civil suits for compensation333

12.1.3 Criminal proceedings339

12.2 Enforcement through International Institutions340

12.2.1 Protecting powers340

12.2.2 United Nations bodies343

12.2.3 Missions and Commissions344

12.2.4 Transparency346

12.3 Conclusion347

13.Conclusion348

Bibliography353

Index371